118
Arctic Yearbook 2013
China‘s Arctic Interests
promote their national interests. Responsible stakeholders go further: They recognize that
the international system sustains their peaceful prosperity, so they work to sustain that
system.‖ See Zoellick, R. B. (2005).
Whither China: From Membership to Responsibility? Remarks
to National Committee on U.S.-China Relations
.
Retrieved
(4.23.13)
from
http://www.ncuscr.org/files/2005Gala_RobertZoellick_Whither_China1.pdf
.
For more information on China‘s pursuit to cultivate an international image of responsible
stakeholder in different policy areas, see, for example, Brady, A-M. (2012). The Beijing
Olympics as a campaign of mass distraction. In Brady, A-M. (Ed.).
China‘s Thought
Management
. (pp. 11-35). New York, NY: Routledge; Deng, Y. (2008).
China‘s Struggle for
Status. The Realignment of International Relations
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;
Kopra, S. (2012). Is China a Responsible Developing Country? Climate Change Diplomacy
and National Image Building.
Social and Cultural Research Occasional Paper
, no. 13 (pp.1-28); and
Wang, H. (2005). National Image Building and Chinese Foreign Policy. In Deng, Y. and F-L.
Wang (Eds.).
China Rising. Power and Motivation in Chinese Foreign Policy
(pp. 73-102). Lanham,
MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
4.
According to the article 136 of UNCLOS, the area and its resources beyond Arctic states‘
economic zones are the common heritage of mankind.
5.
Since 1954, China has followed the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence as the most
important guidelines for its international cooperation. The Five Principles include: mutual
respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in
each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence.
6.
The author is grateful to an anonymous reviewer for bringing up this point and for
providing the original Chinese source.
7.
For comparison, see Chang, G. G (2010, March 9). China‘s Arctic Play.
The Diplomat
.
Retrieved from
http://thediplomat.com/2010/03/09/china%E2%80%99s-arctic-play/
.
Chang translated Yin Zhuo‘s statement as following: ―The Arctic belongs to all the people
around the world as no nation has sovereignty over it‖.
8.
For an interesting debate over China‘s assertiveness, see also Johnston, A.I. (Spring, 2013).
How New and Assertive Is China‘s New Assertiveness?
International Security.
37(4), (pp. 7–
48).
9.
See also the Proceedings from the 6
th
NRF Open Assembly in Hveragerði, Iceland. (2011).
http://www.nrf.is/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=206&Itemid=118
10.
Great Wall Station, located at King George Island, West Antarctica, was established in 1985;
Zhongshan Station, located in Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica, was established in 1989;
and Kunlun, located at Dome A (the summit of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet), was
established in 2009.
11.
―Malacca dilemma‖ refers to China‘s dependency upon the Malacca Strait for seaborne
energy imports. As a solution, it is suggested that China should decrease its dependency
upon energy imports by investing in alternative energy sources and energy efficiency, find
alternative routes to import energy, and build credible naval forces to protect its sea lines.