Arctic Yearbook 2012
Plouffe
75
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to thank the anonymous reviewers for helpful and constructive
comments that greatly contributed to improving the final version of this paper. He is also
grateful to the
Institut de recherche scientifique de l’École militaire
(IRSEM, Paris) and its Scientific
Director, Dr Frédéric Ramel, for academic support and research funding on France and the
Arctic. Hi is also appreciative of the comments made by Diego Mena, HEC Montréal, and
grateful to Dr Lassi Heininen, University of Lapland, and Dr Heather Exner-Pirot,
University of Saskatchewan, for their valuable guidance and suggestions while preparing this
assessment.
N
otes
1.
The “La Recherche” expedition of 1838-1840 illustrates such historical scientific
missions. Launched by France, this expedition to “the Nordic countries, Sptizbergen
and the White Sea, remains one of the most memorable explorations ever bound for
‘The High North’. The principal goal of the expedition was to accomplish great
scientific work, and “La Recherche” resulted in the publication of a series of articles
and reports”. From Rafaelsen, R. (2009).
2.
AWIPEV is short for Alfred Wagener Institute (AWI – Germany) Paul-Émile Victor
(PEV – France)
3.
From 1947 to 1992, French expeditions to the poles were organized as part of the
Expéditions polaires françaises
. This structure was integrated within the
Institut polaire
français – Paul-Émile Victor
(IPEV) in 1992. The IPEV was previously known as the
Institut Français pour la Recherche et la Technologie Polaires
(IFRTP). In 2002, the IFRTP
was extended for 12 years by the French government under the name of IPEV.
4.
See UNESCO, http://portal.unesco.org
.
5.
See Centre Européen Arctique (CEARC), http://www.cearc.uvsq.fr/
6.
The EU Commission signed the Kirkenes
Declaration
on Cooperation in the Barents Euro-
Arctic region
in 1993, establishing the Barents Euro-Arctic Council (BEAC). All
parties of the
Kirkenes Declaration
are currently working on a renewed declaration that
should be signed by the four member states and the EU in Kirkenes in early 2013.
See Plouffe (2012) and Pettersen (2011).
7.
From Le Monde.fr. (2011, December 21). Total, champion des profits… et des
augmentations.
Retrieved
(10.22.12)
from,
http://lauer.blog.lemonde.fr/2011/12/22/total-champion-des-profits-et-des-
augmentations/
8.
AFP. Total engrange plus de 12 milliards de profits en 2011. Retrieved (02.10.12)
from, http://lexpansion.lexpress.fr/entreprise/total-engrange-plus-de-12-milliards-
de-profits-en-2011_282323.html
9.
In the summer of 2012, Gazprom shelved its attempts to develop Shtokman with
Total and Statoil. It has since then applied to the Russian Federal Agency for Subsoil